Hi,
Oleh kerana terdapat ‘cakap-cakap’ yang menyatakan susu adalah darah, maka saya telah mencari di ruangan internet ini info tentang penghasilan susu.
Selamat membaca.
The breast is a gland that consists primarily of connective and fatty tissues that support and protect the milk producing areas of the breast. The milk is produced in small clusters of cells, called alveoli and travels down milk ducts to the milk sinuses, which act as collecting reservoirs. These sinuses are located behind the areola, the pigmented area around your nipple.
Breastfeeding success has nothing to do with the size of your breasts or nipples, as breast size is an inherited trait and determined by the number of fat cells you have. The breasts will enlarge with pregnancy and lactation. Breastfeeding is a supply and demand process. Therefore, the more often you nurse, the more milk you produce!
Anatomy of the Female Breast
Each nipple has 15 to 20 openings for milk to flow. The nipple and areola (the pigmented area around the nipple) enlarge and darken during pregnancy. This may assist your baby in latching-on by providing a clear “target.”
The small bumps on the areola are called Montgomery Glands. They produce a natural oil which cleans, lubricates, and protects the nipple during pregnancy and breastfeeding. This oil contains an enzyme that kills bacteria and makes breast creams unnecessary. Use only water to clean your breasts. Soaps, lotions, or alcohol might remove this protective oil.
When your baby nurses, the action of baby’s jaws and tongue press down on the milk sinuses creating a suction that causes the milk to flow out of your breast and into the baby’s mouth.

The Let-Down Reflex
Your Body’s Response to the Baby’s Suckling
Infant suckling stimulates the nerve endings in the nipple and areola, which signal the pituitary gland in the brain to release two hormones, prolactin and oxytocin.
* Prolactin causes your alveoli to take nutrients (proteins, sugars) from your blood supply and turn them into breast milk.
* Oxytocin causes the cells around the alveoli to contract and eject your milk down the milk ducts. This passing of the milk down the ducts is called the “let-down” (milk ejection) reflex.
Let-down is demonstrated in numerous ways including:
* Your infant begins to rapidly suck and swallow.
* Milk may drip from the opposite breast.
* The mother may feel a tingling or a full sensation (after the first week of nursing) in her breasts or uterine cramping.
* You may feel thirsty.
NOTE
There may be many let-downs during a feeding, of which you may or may not be aware. Because the brain plays such a large role in the release of hormones that cause the milk to eject, it is very normal for let-downs to occur in other situations as well. For instance, let-down may occur when you think about your baby, hear your or another baby cry, when it is your scheduled nursing time, when you are sexually stimulated, or during orgasm.
If the let-down occurs at an awkward time, cross your arms over your chest, or press the heel of your hand over the nipple area and apply pressure until the leaking stops. It may also help to wear cotton breast pads (without plastic liners) in your bra, especially in the first weeks, to protect your clothing. This type of response will usually diminish after the first few weeks of nursing.
Uterus Response Postpartum
Release of the hormone Oxytocin while breastfeeding will cause the uterus to contract and this may be more noticeable if you have previously had children. It is this mechanism that helps your uterus to return to its pre-pregnant size quickly.
Interference with Let-Down
A variety of factors may interfere with let-down:
* Emotions: embarrassment, anger, irritation, fear or resentment
* Fatigue
*
* Inadequate sucking (Improper positioning or insufficient amount of time baby is actively nursing. Stress
* Negative remarks from relatives or friends
* Fear of pain in your breasts or uterus (i.e., sore nipples or afterbirth pains)
* Breast engorgement in the first few days
Suggestions for Creating a Supportive Nursing Environment
* Find a peaceful atmosphere for nursing. Before beginning the feeding, unplug the phone, turn on relaxing music, and take four or five deep abdominal breaths.
* If breastfeeding in public inhibits you, insist on your privacy and/or drape a light cover over your baby and your shoulder to cover up.
* Interact with friends and breastfeeding professionals who are supportive of breastfeeding. Do not let well-meaning friends and relatives who have different attitudes discourage you. Restrict visitors until you are comfortable.
* Be around other nursing mothers. Attend a postpartum exercise class and/or postpartum support group.
* Be sure your baby is positioned properly and allow adequate suckling.
Your Milk
Colostrum
Colostrum is the early milk made by your breasts, and is usually present after the fifth or sixth month of pregnancy. Once the baby is born, it is present in small amounts for the first 3 days to match the small size of the baby’s stomach. Most babies do not need additional nutrition during this time. Begin breastfeeding as soon as possible after giving birth and every 1 to 3 hours per 24 hours (8-12 times per 24 hours) to allow your baby to receive this valuable milk.
Colostrum is designed to meet the special needs of a newborn. Colostrum has a yellow color, is thick in consistency, is high in protein, and low in fat and sugar. The protein content is three times higher than mature milk because it is rich in the immunities being passed from the mother to protect the baby. It also acts as a natural laxative, helping the baby pass the first stools called meconium.
Mature Milk
Your milk will change and increase in quantity in approximately 48 to 72 hours. It may take longer depending on when breastfeeding was initiated and breastfeeding frequency. The change in milk occurs a little earlier if you have breastfed before.
* Foremilk:When breastfeeding is initiated, the first milk the baby receives is called foremilk, which appears thin and watery with a light blue tinge. Foremilk is composed largely of water and is necessary to satisfy your baby’s thirst.
* Hind-milk:Hind-milk has the highest concentration of fat and is released after several minutes of nursing. It is similar in consistency to cream and will have a soporific (sleepy) effect on your baby. Hind-milk is important for your baby to feel satisfied and to gain adequate weight. Feed your baby until you see a sleepy, satisfied look on his/her face.
NOTE:
“Weak breast milk” does not exist. Your body will combine the exact ingredients necessary to meet your baby’s requirements.

The Family’s Role
Breastfeeding is usually thought to include only a mother and baby. However, the family also plays a major role in the breastfeeding relationship. One of the most precious gifts family members can give the mother is to take care of her and encourage and support a healthy breastfeeding relationship.
Try to delegate the many household tasks that take a mother’s energy away from nursing her baby to another member of the family. Help her find and use the lactation resources in her community if she is having any problems breastfeeding.
There are many other satisfying ways for the family to participate in caring for the baby, besides feeding him/her. Activities such as burping, diapering, playing, giving the baby massages, comforting (holding and rocking, etc.) and taking the baby for a walk are wonderful ways to help, as well as get to know the baby. Bathing is a very special activity because bath time is a great opportunity for eye contact and play for the whole family.
Family Support and Encouragement
Having people help and encourage you are some of the most important things you will need to breastfeed successfully. The first few weeks of breastfeeding are critical for you and your baby to learn what works best for the two of you. This is also when your milk supply is being established. This time can be very frustrating as you have just gone through labor and delivery and you may be physically tired and emotionally drained. You and your baby may need to try several breastfeeding positions before you find the one(s) that work. With strong support from family, friends, health professionals and volunteer counselors, mothers who would otherwise have given up breastfeeding during the first weeks are able to succeed.
A Good Support Network
A good support network can assist in many ways. They can help get you complete, accurate information about breastfeeding and resolve any problem(s) quickly. By doing other “duties”, your support network can allow you to put all your efforts into breastfeeding and getting to know your baby. Most importantly, they can help you feel confident in your ability to breastfeed your baby.
The most important support person for most new mothers is their husband or partner. Other support persons may include the new mother’s mother, other immediate and extended family members, friends who have breastfed, health professionals such as the obstetrician, pediatrician, lactation consultant, and volunteer counselors such as those at Nursing Mothers Counsel, La Leche League, WIC or other local breastfeeding support groups in the community.
How can family and friends provide support?
The best thing they can do is to attend a breastfeeding class with you. In this class, they will learn about the benefits of breastfeeding, how to establish a good milk supply, and how to manage common breastfeeding problems. Your own mother may or may not have breastfed you, as many mothers in her generation did not. Either way, she can learn new things from a breastfeeding class, as there is a lot of new information on breastfeeding and its benefits. Sometimes even well intentioned family and friends can put your milk supply at risk by giving your baby bottles, pacifiers, advising you to limit nursing time or encouraging you to “get the baby on a schedule.” The more your partner and family know about breastfeeding, the more they can help you.
It is also extremely important that your support people provide encouragement and emotional support during the first days when you and the baby are learning how to breastfeed. Many mothers decide to give up on breastfeeding during this period. Remember that it will take time for both you and your baby to get comfortable with breastfeeding. Even if you have breastfed before, each baby is different. You and your baby will learn what works best for the two of you during the first several days or weeks together.
Your support people can help you with other household tasks such as cleaning, laundry, shopping and meal preparation. Physical fatigue from trying to do too much can affect your milk supply. Nap when your baby sleeps to assist in your physical recovery. Exhaustion can make postpartum depression (some women feel “low” or “depressed” after delivery) worse. Let others do things for you. Only you can breastfeed your baby so you should put all of your efforts into recovering from your delivery, breastfeeding and getting to know your baby.
Resuming Intimacy
Finally, you and your partner should both be patient about resuming intimacy. You may temporarily lose interest in having sex after giving birth. This is common and can happen regardless of whether or not you are breastfeeding. You may have concerns and negative feelings about your body after pregnancy and delivery. Breastfeeding does not “ruin your breasts.” Although you may experience breast changes after childbirth, these changes were caused by pregnancy, not by breastfeeding. Breastfeeding does not make you gain weight; in fact, along with proper diet and moderate exercise, it may help you lose your pregnancy weight more easily.
SUMBER

Artikel 1
Citrus fruits — such as oranges, grapefruits, and tangerines — are very acidic and can cause stomach upset or diarrhea in babies. That’s why doctors recommend that you wait until your child is at least 12 months old to offer any citrus fruits or juices. What’s so special about turning 1? That’s the age when most babies’ digestive system is fairly developed and can handle the acid in these fruits without problems.
As with any juice, dietitians recommend diluting orange juice so it’s at least one part water to three parts juice. Diluting the juice makes it easier on your child’s stomach and reduces the total amount of juice your child drinks. Because drinking too much juice of any kind has been linked to both obesity and malnourishment in children, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the following:

• No juice at all before 6 months. No citrus juice before 12 months.
• When offering juice to your baby, serve it in a cup, not a bottle, to discourage prolonged sipping.. Juice can easily pool around your child’s teeth, and the sugar in juice can lead to tooth decay.
• Children from 1 to 6 years old should drink no more than 4 to 6 ounces of juice a day.
• When buying juice, make sure it’s 100 percent real fruit juice. Many fruit drinks contain only small amounts of real fruit juice.

“Before you offer your child a piece of orange, make sure to pick out any seeds, and peel all the rind and membrane off, as they are difficult to chew and can cause a toddler to gag or choke,” says Susan Moores, a registered dietitian in St. Paul, Minnesota, and a spokeswoman for the American Dietetic Association. And until your baby is at least 2 years old and can chew his food well, always cut citrus fruits into bite-size pieces. Larger pieces may seem soft and easy to chew, but they’re slippery and can inadvertently slide down your child’s throat and cause choking.
Artikel 2
Question:
My sister gave her baby grapefruit and orange wedges to chew on. Is this a safe snack for babies?
Answer:
It is best to hold off on introducing citrus fruits until your baby is at least one year old. Citrus fruits commonly cause allergies or food-sensitivity reactions, such as a diaper rash.
Because of the potential for an allergic reaction, when you do introduce oranges, grapefruits and other citrus foods, do so gradually, beginning with small amounts served over the course of several days. Monitor your child for symptoms such as hives, rashes or wheezing. If you think your child is allergic, avoid all citrus fruits including tomatoes and strawberries. Hold off on citrus juices as well.
Young children also have problems eating citrus fruits due to the membrane. Peeling away the stubborn membrane can be a laborious task. You may find that serving canned mandarin oranges is the best first citrus to introduce because the membranes are tender and more easily chewed.
Once your child is past the critical age for introducing potentially allergenic food, adding citrus as a snack is great idea. Citrus fruits are full of vitamin C. There is no need to worry that your baby can’t get enough vitamin C without them. There are plenty of other, baby-friendly foods that provide vitamin C. Some delicious, vitamin C-rich foods that baby can enjoy include baked potatoes, tender cooked broccoli, spinach and cabbage. Many babies enjoy ripe papaya or cantaloupe, both of which are high in vitamin C and A. Under the age of one, a baby needs 35 milligrams of vitamin C each day.

Age by age guide to feed your baby
Baby& citrus fruit 1
Baby & citrus fruits 2

Persediaan ibu yang bekerja untuk menceburkan diri dalam ‘bidang penyusuan susu ibu sepenuhnya”. <!--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->Keazaman, kesungguhan, semangat, sokongan dan kerajinan. <!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->Bila perlu mula mengepam? 2 minggu sebelum mula bekerja semula. Saya dahulu, tidak berilmu maka saya mulakan 3 hari sebelum bekerja. Terkocoh-kocoh juga dibuatnya, Alhamdulillah sempat. Mulakan mengepam dua minggu sebelum masuk bekerja ataupun apabila susu sudah benar-benar ‘established’. <!--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->Perkakas dan peralatan yang diperlukan. <!--[if !supportLists]-->l <!--[endif]-->‘breast pump’. Rujuk entry pump. <!--[if !supportLists]-->l <!--[endif]-->bekas menyimpan susu yang diperah, botol susu ataupun ‘disposable liner’ <!--[if !supportLists]-->l <!--[endif]-->Bekas untuk membawa/menyimpan susu perahan – ‘cooler bag’ <!--[if !supportLists]-->l <!--[endif]-->Tempat mengepam di tempat kerja <!--[if !supportLists]-->4. <!--[endif]-->Jangka hayat susu <!--[if !supportLists]-->l <!--[endif]-->Susu yang baru diperah boleh tahan 8 jam dalam suhu bilik. Namun kita digalakkan menyimpan susu perahan di dalam cooler ataupun fridge. Saya simpan susu perahan di dalam cooler bag sahaja, Tak tumpang fridge pejabat. <!--[if !supportLists]-->l <!--[endif]-->Susu perahan jika disimpan di dalam ruangan sejuk peti ais boleh tahan 48 jam. Ada juga pendapat/kajian menyatakan tahan sampai 7 hari, saya hanya simpan di ruangan sejuk paling lama 48jam. <!--[if !supportLists]-->l <!--[endif]-->Susu perahan jika disimpan di dalam ruangan beku (freezer), peti ais satu pintu boleh tahan 2 minggu. <!--[if !supportLists]-->l <!--[endif]-->Susu perahan jika disimpan di dalam ruangan beku (freezer), peti ais dua pintu boleh tahan selama 3 bulan. <!--[if !supportLists]-->l <!--[endif]-->Susu perahan jika disimpan di dalam deep freezer boleh tahan sampai 6 bulan. <!--[if !supportLists]-->l <!--[endif]-->Susu perahan yang telah dibekukan, kemudian telah dicarkan tidak boleh dibekukan semula <!--[if !supportLists]-->l <!--[endif]-->Susu perahan yang telah dipanaskan harus diberi kepada bayi dalam masa 1-2 jam. Jika anda telah memanaskan lebih dari tempoh ini, sila rasa dahulu sus tersebut sebelum memberi bayi anda minum. <!--[if !supportLists]-->l <!--[endif]-->Susu lebihan bayi minum tidak boleh dimasukkan semula ke dalam fridge, harus dihabiskan atau dibuang. <!--[if !supportLists]-->l <!--[endif]-->Susu beku yang telah dicairkan boleh tahan 2 hari jika disimpan di dalam fridge.(bahagian sejuk). Jika anda was-was rasa dahulu susu tersebut sebelum diberi kepada bayi anda. <!--[if !supportLists]-->5. <!--[endif]-->Cara memanaskan susu perahan. a) Susu beku- Cairkan terlebih dahulu susu beku. Cara mencairkannya- dibiarkan semalaman susu beku di ruangan sejuk peti ais atau pun direndam dengan air sejuk di dalam suhu bilik. Setelah susu mencair direndam dengan air suam/panas. b) Susu cair- Direndam di dalam air suam/panas Jangan sekali-kali memasak atau mendidihkan susu perahan kerana akan memusnahkan zat-zat penting di dalam susu. Jangan ‘microwave’kan susu perahan. <!--[if !supportLists]-->6. <!--[endif]-->Menyimpan susu di tempat kerja. Anda boleh menyimpan susu anda di dalam fridge pejabat anda atau di dalam cooler bag anda. <!--[if !supportLists]-->7. <!--[endif]-->Cooler bag.- saya menggunakan cooler bag untuk menyimpan dan membawa susu pulang ke rumah dan membawa susu ke Taska. Anda juga boleh gunakan ‘ice box’ atau apa sahaja bekas yang boleh mengekalkan suhu sejuk. <!--[if !supportLists]-->8. <!--[endif]-->Gunakan chiller-ice brite/ais batu/techni ice untuk memastikan suhu cooler bag/ice box anda sejuk. Rujuk entry techni ice. p/s: Weekend ni saya upload gambar-gambar (cooler bag, pump, techni ice, ice brite, etc) Related entry:

• info ebm
• menguruskan ebm
• ebm boleh dicampur?
  
• jimat belanja
• menyimpan ebm

dan banyak lagi.

What is Kacip Fatimah?
Kacip Fatimah is scientifically known as Labisia pothoina. It is perhaps one of the most sought after female tonic herb taken from the Malaysian rainforest. The Malay women have been using it for many generations to induce and facilitate childbirth as well as a post-partum medicine (Burkill, 1935). It is also well known to offer numerous other benefits for personal hygiene and well-being of women not only after delivery but even in everyday life.
The 9 benefits of Kacip Fatimah
1. Increases libido and treat female ailments relating to the reproductive system and well-being.
2. It is anti-dysmenorrhoea which helps in cleansing and avoiding difficult and painful menstruation.
3. Used effectively to treat disorders in the reproductive system like dysentery and gonorrhoea.
4. It helps balance your hormones and overcome postnatal depression such as loss of interest in intimacy as well as promotes strength and vitality to improve intimacy.
5. Helps to firm and tone the abdominal muscles making you look slimmer.
6. It is anti-flatulence which helps in eliminating excessive gas in the body.
7. It boosts your body resistance and thereby helps to relieve cold.
8. It improves blood circulation and therefore relieves rheumatic pains in joints and muscles.
9. It has also been known to overcome constipation and restore damaged hair, besides a whole lot of other benefits.
Extra care for pregnant women and women who are breastfeeding. Because of its cleansing effect this herb is not suitable for pregnant women or women who plan to breastfeed their babies.

A: Parents spend a lot of time wondering and worrying about whether their infant’s bowel movements are “normal.” In fact, there’s really no such thing. Babies’ bowel habits are as individual as they are, and over time you’ll get to know your baby’s routine.
That said, there is a typical pattern to look for in any baby’s bowel habits. During the first few days of life, your baby will pass meconium, the thick, black or dark green substance that was in his intestines before he was born.
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Once the meconium has passed, the bowel movements of a formula-fed baby are typically yellow, tan, brown, or green. As long as there isn’t blood in the stool, any color is normal.
A formula-fed baby’s stool is a little bit firmer than a breastfed baby’s, about the consistency of peanut butter. If it’s much harder than that, it may be a sign of constipation, and you should tell your pediatrician. If you’re worried about constipation and your baby is younger than 4 months old, don’t feed him anything other than formula or breast milk without checking with your pediatrician first. You may inadvertently deprive your baby of essential nutrients if you feed him a pediatric electrolyte solution, water, or juice. Babies over 4 months can have a few ounces of water a day, but if you think he’s constipated, you should talk with your pediatrician about how best to solve the problem.
Another thing to keep in mind is that around 1 to 2 months of age, many babies go from having several bowel movements a day to going several days between bowel movements. This, too, is perfectly normal. It’s not how often a baby moves his bowels, but how hard the stool is once it’s passed that’s cause for concern. When you introduce cereal and other solids to your baby’s diet, you can expect dramatic changes in the odor, color, consistency, and frequency of his bowel movements depending on what he’s eating

Q:What’s the normal color of breastfeeding baby’s bowel movement? A:That depends on how old your baby is. In the first few days of life, your baby’s stool should be dark green to black. This means your baby is passing meconium, a tarry substance made up of all her bowels have accumulated during nine months in the womb. Colostrum, the “first milk,” helps your baby pass these stools. The sooner you put your baby to the breast, the quicker colostrum gets into her system. Colostrum acts like a laxative and helps push the meconium out of your baby’s bowels. Your baby will have these stools until your milk comes in — so the sooner and more frequently you breastfeed, the quicker the meconium clears from her system. Since meconium buildup can cause jaundice, it’s important to breastfeed at least ten to 12 times in 24 hours to clear it out of your baby’s system. You should be concerned if your baby has meconium stools for longer than three days. If your baby sleeps a lot, you should pump and hand- or finger-feed the colostrum to your baby to get her digestive tract working properly. After the colostrum phase, your milk changes and bowel movements become brown in color, less sticky, and easier to wipe off the skin. As your milk becomes more plentiful, the stools finally transition from yellow-green to yellow. Nursing your baby frequently causes the stools to change color more quickly. Plus, the more you nurse, the quicker your milk changes from colostrum to mature milk. Once the stools turn yellow and have a seedy quality, they should stay that way as long as your baby is exclusively breastfed. When your baby has a bowel movement, look for stools that are loose in texture, with the consistency of pea soup. You may even notice small cottage cheese-type curds. The odor should be mild and not unpleasant. If you notice a succession of watery green stools, your baby may be consuming more foremilk than hindmilk. If you make sure she finishes nursing on the first breast before switching, she’ll get more of the high-calorie hindmilk and produce a more yellowish stool as a result. A watery stool also could indicate a sensitivity to a certain food you’re eating or medication you’re taking. A good first step for determining whether that’s the case is to eliminate all dairy products such as milk, cheese, and yogurt from your diet for at least three weeks. If the bowel movements change, you’ll know it was the dairy. Add dairy back slowly to your diet, starting with the hardest cheeses. If your baby’s stools turn watery again, you’ll have to find other sources of calcium and protein for your diet.

Panduan pemakanan untuk bayi baru lahir hingga 6 bulan Pemakanan yang paling sempurna bagi bayi yang baru lahir hingga 6 bulan adalah susu ibu sahaja. Makanan atau minuman lain termasuk air kosong tidak diperlukan. Pemberian makanan atau minuman ini boleh memudaratkan bayi. Kepentingan kandungan susu ibu: a. Mengandungi zat makanan dan vitamin yang mencukupi mengikut keperluan bayi. b. Mudah dihadam dan digunkan dengn berkesan. c. Melindungi bayi dari penyakit d. Mengandungi antibody dan bahan-bahan pelindung dari penyakit. e. Mengandungi faktor tumbesaran. f. Tiada pencemaran g. Mengandungi enzim h. Zat dan kandungan susu ibu berubah mengikut keperluan bayi. Susukan bayi dengan kerap Penyusuan yang kerap boleh memastikan bekalan susu yang mencukupi. Kekerapan penyusuan:

1. Susukan bayi dengan kerap mengikut kemahuannnya ‘on demand’.
2. Menyusu kerap di sebelah malam
3. Sentiasa bersama bayi bagi membolehkan menyusukannya dengan kerap.
4. Bayi kecil yang tidur lebih dari 2-3 jam harus dikejutkan untuk disusukan.

Tanda bayi mendapat cukup susu

1. Penyusuan kerap
2. Kenaikkan berat badan yang memuaskan
3. Kencing lebih dari 6 kali/hari
4. Kerap membuang air besar adalah normal.
5. Bayi puas, ceria, otot dan kulit bayi juga sihat
6. Dengar bayi menelan
7. Payudara penuh sebelum menyusu dan ‘kosong’ selepas menyusu.

Jangan campur penyusuan susu ibu dengan air kosong atau susu formula Bayi tidak akan mendapat kebaikan susu ibu sepenuhnay jika diberi atau minuman lain kerana: <!--[if !supportLists]-->a. <!--[endif]-->Bayi akan kurang kerap menyusu. Ini akan menyebabkan kurang penghasilan susu oleh ibu. Akibatnya bayi kurang mendapat zat makanan dan bahan – bahan pelindung penyakit. <!--[if !supportLists]-->b. <!--[endif]-->Bahan pelindungan penyakit terkandung di dalam susu ibu yang bertindak menyalut usus bayi. Air kosong atau susu formula akan menghakis salutan tersebut. Bayti tidak akan mendapat perlindungan. <!--[if !supportLists]-->c. <!--[endif]-->Bayi mudah terdedah kepada alahan dan pencemaran yang terdapat di dalam air kosong dan susu formula. Panduan memberi makanan pelengkap (solid food) Beri bayi makanan pelengkap apabila bayi anda sudah berumur 6 bulan ke atas. Pada umur 6 bulan bayi perlukan makanan lain selain dari susu ibu. Teruskan penyusuan susu ibu dengan kerap siang dan malam. Makanan pelengkap yang seimbang diberi sebagai tambahan. Apabila bayi berusia 6 bulan, ibu-ibu perlu bersedia untuk memberi makanan pelengkap kepada bayi mereka. Makanan pelengkap merupakan makanan yang diberi sebagai makanan tambahan kepada susu ibu. Jangan memulakan pemberian makanan pelengkap yang terlalu awal (kurang 6 bulan) atau terlalu lambat (lebih 6 bulan). Mengapa tidak digalakkan memberi makanan pelengkap terlalu awal: <!--[if !supportLists]-->a. <!--[endif]-->Sistem pencernaan dan penyerapan bayi berumur kurang dari 6 bulan belum matang. <!--[if !supportLists]-->b. <!--[endif]-->Susu ibu adalah makanan utama untuk bayi. Pemberian makanan pepejal terlalu awal boleh mengurangkan pengambilan susu oleh bayi kerana lebih kenyang dengan makanan pejal. <!--[if !supportLists]-->c. <!--[endif]-->Makanan yang diberikan sebagai gentian susu ibu selalunya bubur yang cair dan sup memandangkan ia mudah dimakan oleh bayi. Makanan ini mengenyangkan tetapi kurang nutrient daripada susu ibu dan oleh itu keperluan bayi tersebut tidak dapat dipenuhi. <!--[if !supportLists]-->d. <!--[endif]-->Bahan makanan lain boleh mengurangkan penyerapan nutrient di dalam susu ibu seperti zat besi. <!--[if !supportLists]-->e. <!--[endif]-->Bayi mudah mendapat alahan (alergi). Mengapa makan pelengkap perlu diberi? <!--[if !supportLists]-->a. <!--[endif]-->Menambah bekalan tenaga. <!--[if !supportLists]-->b. <!--[endif]-->Membekalkan zat makanan <!--[if !supportLists]-->c. <!--[endif]-->Memperkenalkan anak-anak kepada pelbagai jenis makanan dan raasa. <!--[if !supportLists]-->d. <!--[endif]-->Memenuhi keperluan proses perkembangan dan kemalangan. Panduan memberi makanan pelengkap <!--[if !supportLists]-->a. <!--[endif]-->Berikan susu terlebih dahulu sebelum memberi bayi makanan pelengkap. Ini akan membolehkan ibu menghasilkan cukup susu bagi jangkamasa yang lebih lama. <!--[if !supportLists]-->b. <!--[endif]-->Sediakan hidangan yang seimbang. Hidangan seimbang bagi bayi perlu mengandungi bahan dari 5 kumpulan makanan iaitu kumpulan bijirin dan ubi-ubian, kumpulan ikan, daging dan telur, kumpulan sayur dan buah serta kumpulan minyak dan lemak. <!--[if !supportLists]-->c. <!--[endif]-->Pelbagai makanan bayi. Berikan bayi pelbagai jenis makanan agar dapat semua zat yang diperlukan. Ini juga dapat mengajar bayi kepelbagaian rasa dan warna. <!--[if !supportLists]-->d. <!--[endif]-->Tambahkan minyak atau lemak di dalam makanan bayi. Bayi perlukan banyak tenaga untuk tumbesaran. Minyak atau lemak seperti marjerin atau mentega dapat menambahkan kandungan tenaga di dalam hidangan. <!--[if !supportLists]-->e. <!--[endif]-->Tidak perlu tambah garam, gula atau bahan perasa di dalam makanan. Beri peluang untuk bayi menikmati rasa semulajadi makanan. <!--[if !supportLists]-->f. <!--[endif]-->Sediakan makanan mengikut tekstur yang sesuai untuk umur. Tekstur makana hendaklah disediakan mengikut kebolehan bayi iaitu: i. 6 bulan - dikisar ii. 7 – 9 bulan - dilecek iii. 10 - 12 bulan - dicincang <!--[if !supportLists]-->g. <!--[endif]-->Mulakan dengan sedikit dan tambahkan kuantiti makanan secara beransur – ansur mengikut peringkat umur. <!--[if !supportLists]-->h. <!--[endif]-->Jadikan masa makan sebagai masa yang menyeronokkan. Jangan paksa bayi makan jika dia belum bersedia atau tidak mahu makan.

There are no specific foods to eat that will stimulate production of breast milk, but there are things that can help with milk production. More important than what you eat is how your baby eats. When a baby is properly positioned, well-attached and sucking effectively, the longer a baby nurses at your breast the more milk will be produced. This is the single most important way to increase your milk production.
From a diet and nutrition standpoint, there are two important factors critical to producing milk. The first is drinking enough fluid. It doesn’t have to be milk; water or juice is fine. You may be producing from 20 to 40 ounces of fluid a day, and that’s quite a lot. Thirst is a good indicator of need, but may not do the whole job. It’s a good rule of thumb to drink a bit more, past being quenched. It is also a good habit to fill a glass of water for yourself to drink while your baby is nursing. Drinking sufficient fluids won’t make you produce more milk, but is important in replenishing lost fluids.
Nursing requires about an extra 500 calories per day. Women that go on restricted diets in an attempt to lose weight while they are nursing may be eating too few calories, which leaves them fatigued and without the energy necessary for optimal milk production.
Beer has been touted for years as being a stimulus to milk production. However, research shows that babies don’t like alcoholic breastmilk, and actually drink less of it, resulting in less stimulation to the breast. Ultimately, this means a decrease in milk production.
Stress can negatively affect milk production, but reaching for a beer is not the best way to relax. Find an alternative way to rest and de-stress. Have a sitter come in so you can nap. Join a car pool so you can rest or sleep on the trip to and from work. Find ways to eliminate unnecessary chores, or perhaps relax your standards for tidiness and instead, sit down and close your eyes for a moment or two!
Caffeine stimulates milk production, but it also stimulates your baby. Caffeine finds its way into breast milk and large amounts can act on your baby as it does on you. Caffeine stays in baby’s system longer than in an adult’s, which will prolong its effect. Also, caffeine can make your baby irritable, as well as interfere with his sleep. One cup of coffee or a soda will not be a problem, but in large quantities (five or more cups of a caffeinated beverage a day), the levels of caffeine in breast milk can reach amounts that affect your baby.
The best prescription for maximum milk production is effective and frequent breastfeeding or milk expression, plenty of fluids, adequate calories and rest.

Dua hingga 5 percent ibu yang menyusukan anak akan menghadapi masalah kekurangan susu yang mana berkaitan dengan teknik penyusuan.
Berikut antara perkara yang boleh dilakukan bagi meningkatkan penghasilan susu anda:
1. Pastikan bayi anda berada pada posisi yang betul
2. Menyusukan bayi sekerap yang mungkin
3. Minum air secukupnya, makan makanan yang berkhasiat
4. Elakkan diri dari aktiviti yang membuatkan anda ’stress’
5. Dapatkan nasihat tentang ubat-ubatan yang boleh membantu meningkatkan penghasilan sus ataupun dapatkan herba-herba yang merangsang penghasilan susu.
Untuk memudahkan penyusuan susu ibu:
1. Gunakan pam yang sesuai dan selesa, jika anda dapati bayi anda tidak ‘mengosongkan’ payu dara anda, pam susu sehingga payu dara anda benar-benar ‘kosong’.
2. Bergaullah dengan rakan-rakan, saudara mara yang memahami tentang kepentingan penyusuan susu ibu.
3. Susukan bayi anda mengikut kehendaknya.(nurse your infant on demand)
4. Elakkan penggunaan puting tiruan.
5. Sertailah ‘kumpulan sokongan penyusuan susu ibu’ contohnya, susuibu.com.

Question: My four-month-old baby’s stools have always been a yellow colour (breastfed). However recently they are a greenish colour. Could this be due to something I have eaten?
She did have a stomach bug last week where her stools were green and smelly and watery, but I thought she was over it. Is this situation normal, or has the bug returned? She has also gone from one huge nappy a day to about three dirty ones a day. She started on rice cereal twice a day last week. Could this have anything to do with her changing bowel habits?
Answer: A baby’s bowel movements will change once solids are added to her diet. They may become more firm and have a less pleasant odor than the exclusively breastfed baby’s stools.
Green stools in a healthy baby may indicate a sensitivity/allergy to a medication or a food. Since your little one’s change in stooling seemed to corresponded with the addition of rice cereal to her diet, you might want to return to an exclusively breastmilk diet for a few weeks and see if her stools remain green. Her digestive system may not be quite ready for solids - a few weeks might make a difference.
Green stooling can also be the result of a foremlik-hindmilk imbalance, though the timing of your baby’s stool change, in relation to her illness and addition of solids, leads me to believe that this is not the cause of your baby’s green stools.
When a baby is sick and has diarrhea, she may have green stools. She may also be stooling very frequently (between 12 and 16 times a day.) As you described, when your baby was sick last week, her stools were also watery, and had a bad smell. if your baby appears healthy, is nursing well, and her stools have just changed in color, there is probably no reason to worry. If you are at all concerned, be sure to check in with your baby’s Health Care Provider to help put your mind at ease. Best wishes in mothering!

Question: My 10-month-old breastfed son is healthy and active. According to the growth charts used by our paed, he is in the 70th percentile for height and the 2nd percentile for weight. The paed is not concerned about his weight; he nurses five times a day and eats lots of solids. Unfortunately, my mother, who bottle-fed with fervor, is constantly clucking about my son being “underweight.” Are there any growth charts based on the growth of breastfed babies? Answer: New growth charts, developed in 2000, are recommended for routine monitoring of growth in infants, children and adolescents. Unlike their predecessors, these new growth charts finally take into account both formula-fed and breastfed infants, since breastfed infants may grow differently in the first year of life. In addition, these growth charts include information on the average body mass index for children between the ages of 2 and 20 — giving pediatricians another weapon in the fight against childhood obesity. It is important to keep in mind that growth charts are just one tool at our disposal. A hands-on evaluation of your baby, including a good history, provide much more insight into your baby’s growth than any chart can on it’s own. What is important when evaluating your baby’s height and weight on the current growth charts is whether or not weight gain and growth has been consistent. It is not abnormal for a baby’s growth to occur in spurts, but it is a red flag when your baby’s growth starts crossing over the percentiles. It sounds like your baby’s pediatrician understands that all babies do not grow at the same rate. There can be much variation in the growth of normal, healthy babies. If your pediatrician is content with his health and pattern of growth and you also feel comfortable with it, stop worrying about what your mother thinks. Maybe you could bring her along on your baby’s next visit to the pediatrician. This visit might be enough to help her rest her mind and begin to see just how healthy her grandson is.

17 Januari, 2006 14:43 PM
Usah Nafikan Kebaikan Susu Ibu
Oleh Adibah Ismail
KUALA LUMPUR, 17 Jan (Bernama) — Asli atau tiruan? Lazimnya kebanyakan orang tanpa ragu-ragu akan memilih yang asli.
Namun begitu, masih ramai ibu bapa yang merelakan susu formula iaitu barang tiruan menjadi makanan pertama anak mereka.
Mengapa susu formula atau susu tiruan ini dikecualikan sedangkan masyarakat sedar walau sebaik manapun sesuatu barang tiruan, ia tidak akan sebaik barangan asli?
Polisi Kebangsaan Penyusuan Susu Ibu menggalakkan semua ibu menyusukan anaknya dengan susu ibu sahaja selama enam bulan atau dikenali sebagai penyusuan eksklusif dan meneruskannya sehingga dua tahun. Makanan tambahan pula hanya dimulakan semasa anak berumur enam bulan.
Kebanyakan ibu hanya mampu menyusukan anak mereka sehingga dua bulan atau sepanjang tempoh berpantang dan apabila mereka kembali bekerja, ramai yang mengambil jalan mudah dengan memberikan susu formula.
Ada juga segelintir wanita yang baru bersalin langsung tidak memberikan susu ibu kepada bayi mereka sejak dilahirkan walaupun menyedari susu ibu adalah makanan terbaik bagi bayi.
Menurut perangkaan 88.6 peratus ibu-ibu di Malaysia pernah menyusukan anak. Ini bermakna 11.4 peratus ibu tidak pernah menyusukan anak mereka!
Daripada 88.6 peratus ibu yang pernah memberikan susu, hanya 29 peratus yang mampu menyusukan bayi mereka secara eksklusif dan hanya 11.7 peratus yang menyambung penyusuan sehingga bayi berusia dua tahun.
KEBAIKAN SUSU IBU
Menurut Penolong Pengarah Pemakanan Jabatan Kesihatan Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Siti Mariam Ali, susu ibu mengandungi zat dan vitamin yang mencukupi dan berubah mengikut umur dan keperluan bayi.
Ia mudah dihadam dan digunakan oleh bayi dengan berkesan serta melindungi bayi dari penyakit, mengandungi antibodi, faktor tumbesaran, enzim dan tiada pencemaran.
“Contohnya bagi bayi yang dilahirkan pra-matang, susu ibu yang dihasilkan sesuai untuk perkembangan bayi tersebut. Ia kurang laktosa, lebih protein, Laktoferrin dan Imunoglobulin untuk mencegah alahan dan jangkitan,” katanya kepada Bernama.
Katanya susu awal ibu atau dikenali sebagai kolostrum yang berwarna kekuningan pula adalah makanan pertama yang sempurna bagi bayi dan mengandungi pelbagai kebaikan.
Antaranya ialah mengeluarkan mekonium (najis bayi di awal kelahiran), mencegah penyakit kuning (jaundis), melindungi bayi dari jangkitan dan alahan (susu ibu kaya dengan antibodi dan sel darah putih), mencegah jangkitan dan penyakit mata (kaya dengan vitamin A dan E), mengandungi faktor pertumbuhan bagi kematangan usus sekaligus mencegah alahan dan bertindak sebagai imunisasi pertama untuk menentang bakteria dan virus.
“Jika bayi diberikan makanan lain sebelum dia diberikan kolostrum, makanan tersebut boleh merosakkan ususnya dan menyebabkan alahan,” katanya.
Selain itu susu ibu juga melindungi bayi daripada kolik, lelah, penyakit kulit, hidung dan alahan kepada makanan, mengurangkan penyakit seperti batuk, jangkitan telinga, bronkitis, pneumonia, meningitis, dan cirit-birit.
Ia juga mengurangkan risiko penyakit jantung, kencing manis, kanser dan obesiti kanak-kanak di kemudian hari.
Selain itu susu ibu turut mengurangkan risiko sindrom kematian bayi, mengurangkan masalah karies gigi, penglihatan, pertuturan dan menguatkan pertumbuhan rahang.
FAEDAH TERSEMBUNYI
Terdapat banyak faedah lain yang diperolehi oleh bayi, ibu, keluarga mahupun masyarakat.
Mungkin kebaikan-kebaikan ini nampak remeh tetapi ia sebenarnya memberikan kesan kepada kehidupan kita seharian.
“Kajian menunjukkan IQ bayi yang menyusu susu ibu adalah 5.2 mata lebih tinggi daripada yang tidak menyusu ibu.
“Bayi yang menyusu ibu akan jarang dijangkiti penyakit, membolehkan ibu bapa bekerja dengan senang hati tanpa perlu mengambil cuti untuk menjaga anak yang tidak sihat, selain meningkatkan produktiviti,” kata Siti Mariam.
Menyusukan bayi juga turut memberikan faedah kepada ibu tersebut dengan merendahkan risiko terhadap barah payudara dan ovari, mengelakkan pendarahan selepas bersalin, menjarakkan kelahiran kerana penyusuan merupakan cara perancang keluarga semulajadi, mempercepatkan proses pengurangan berat badan dan mengempiskan perut.
Penyusuan susu ibu juga akan menjimatkan wang kerana tidak perlu menyediakan barang keperluan untuk penyusuan, tidak perlu membeli susu formula dan mengurangkan perbelanjaan untuk rawatan perubatan kerana bayi yang menyusu ibu jarang sakit.
“Katakan anda memilih untuk membeli pam pemerah susu yang mahal, kos pembelian itu masih murah dibandingkan dengan kos untuk susu formula yang perlu dibeli setiap bulan.
“Pam yang menggunakan bateri walaupun berharga lebih kurang RM200, boleh digunakan sehingga dua atau tiga tahun. Jika susu formula, setin berharga lebih kurang RM30. Berapa jumlahnya sebulan? Berapa yang boleh dijimatkan dalam setahun?” katanya.
Selain itu, penyusuan susu ibu juga membantu mengeratkan kasih sayang antara anak dan ibu, lebih masa terluang bersama keluarga, dan menyumbang kepada objektif negara dalam perancangan keluarga.
KEKURANGAN SUSU FORMULA
Antara kekurangan ketara susu formula ialah khasiatnya tidak akan sama dengan khasiat susu ibu walaupun pelbagai zat tambahan dimasukkan seperti Omega3, Docosahexanoic (DHA), Arachidonic acid (AA), dan vitamin B12.
“Masih tidak ada kajian yang boleh menentukan kadar sebenar sesuatu zat yang diperlukan oleh bayi. Berbeza dengan susu ibu, kandungan zatnya akan berubah mengikut keperluan,” katanya.
Zat-zat tambahan dalam susu formula juga membawa kesan sampingan lain seperti protein, walaupun ia telah diubah tetapi masih sukar dihadam manakala zat besi pula sukar untuk diserap, katanya.
Bayi yang diberikan susu formula juga terdedah kepada pencemaran bakteria apabila air bancuhan, peralatan botol dan puting tidak dibersihkan dengan sempurna.
“Bakteria membiak dengan cepat terutamanya jika susu dibiarkan dalam cuaca panas. Walaupun belum berbau masam atau basi, ia masih boleh membahayakan bayi,” katanya.
Bayi juga tidak mendapat perlindungan daripada pelbagai penyakit kerana susu formula tidak mengandungi antibodi menyebabkan bayi yang diberi susu formula lebih kerap mendapat jangkitan penyakit seperti cirit-birit, demam, selesema, batuk dan alahan walaupun susunya dibuat secara bersih.
Terdapat juga risiko kekurangan zat makanan jika susu dibancuh terlalu cair ataupun jika dibancuh terlalu pekat, ia boleh mengakibatkan sembelit atau kerosakan pada organ tertentu.
“Sebab itu kita melihat ramai bayi yang mengalami kegemukan, mereka mendapat lebih zat daripada sepatutnya,” kata Siti Mariam.
Berbeza dengan susu ibu, susu formula juga tidak mengandungi enzim. Ini melambatkan penghadaman dan menyukarkan tenaga dibekalkan kepada bayi.
BAHAYA AIR
Selain susu formula, kebanyakan ibu bapa juga cenderung untuk memberikan air kepada bayi mereka dengan alasan mengelakkan bayi daripada haus, badan panas, sembelit atau untuk mencuci mulut bayi.
Siti Mariam berkata alasan-alasan tersebut adalah tidak berasas kerana susu ibu mengandungi 88 peratus air dan bayi yang hanya diberikan susu ibu dijamin akan mendapat cukup air.
Amalan memberikan air kepada bayi sebenarnya boleh mendedahkan bayi kepada pelbagai risiko termasuk merencatkan tumbesaran dan akal, mengancam nyawa serta mengakibatkan sawan tarik.
“Perut bayi yang baru lahir hanya memerlukan empat sudu kecil kolosterum (2ml) dan jumlah ini akan meningkat kepada 40 sudu (200ml) hanya setelah bayi menjangkau umur setahun,” katanya.
Oleh itu tumbesaran bayi yang diberikan air akan terencat kerana perutnya yang kecil itu sepatutnya diisi dengan susu ibu yang kaya dengan pelbagai khasiat untuk membantu tumbesarannya.
Air juga boleh menjadi pembawa kuman kerana pencemaran boleh berlaku di pelbagai peringkat sama ada sumber air atau bekas yang tidak bersih. Ini akan mendedahkan bayi kepada cirit-birit.
Air juga akan menghakis salutan pelindung penyakit yang dihasilkan oleh susu ibu dan ini akan mendedahkan bayi kepada pelbagai jangkitan.
Bagi bayi yang mengidap jaundis, air yang terlalu banyak boleh merencatkan akal manakala bagi yang berumur di bawah lima minggu, air yang terlalu banyak akan mencairkan garam di dalam darah yang mengakibatkan suhu badan yang rendah, kembung atau sawan tarik.
– BERNAMA